Sports marketing has evolved as a specialized area within the broader marketing field, though it's still lacking a universally acknowledged definition. Essentially, sports marketing involves utilizing sports to advertise various products. This niche focuses on promoting sports events and teams while also leveraging these sporting entities to market other goods and services, catering to an audience of sports fans. This unique form of marketing blends traditional marketing practices with the intricacies of the sports industry. The strategies hinge on satisfying consumer needs through exchanges, keeping in line with the conventional 'four Ps' of marketing - Product, Price, Promotion, and Place. However, because sports marketing deals chiefly with services (sporting events and experiences), it introduces an additional 'four Ps' - Planning, Packaging, Positioning, and Perception, creating a so-called 'sports marketing mix'. The reach of sports marketing covers a broad spectrum of the sports world, impacting areas like broadcasting, advertising across various platforms, ticketing, and community interactions. It can be broken down into three main segments: marketing of sports entities like leagues and teams; promotion of products and services using sports events, teams, or athletes; and leveraging individual athletes to endorse products. Each of these segments plays a pivotal role in the exchange between sports as a service and the consumer, aiming to elevate both the sporting experience and the connected products or services to new heights.

Esports, a term for professional competitive gaming, has become a significant facet of the gaming industry. These competitions involve multiplayer video games, where professional gamers, either solo or in teams, compete against one another. The rise of online streaming platforms like YouTube and Twitch in the late 2000s greatly expanded the reach and popularity of esports by connecting players and large audiences worldwide. Initially most popular in East Asia, especially China and South Korea, esports' appeal has spread to Europe and the Americas where regional and international competitions are regularly held. Different genres of games are favored in esports, such as multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA), first-person shooter (FPS), fighting, card, battle royale, and real-time strategy (RTS) games. Some renowned games in the scene include League of Legends, Dota, Counter-Strike, and Overwatch. Major tournaments, like the League of Legends World Championship and Dota 2's International, draw massive global audiences. Some leagues operate with sponsored teams over a season, similar to traditional sports, as is the case with the Overwatch League. Even though some question whether esports can be classified as a true sport, they have gained recognition to the point of being considered for inclusion in the Olympic Games. Historically, esports audiences have been predominantly male, but the demographic is gradually diversifying.

Occupational safety and health (OSH), also known as occupational health and safety (OHS), is an interdisciplinary field that plays a critical role in ensuring the safety, health, and welfare of individuals while at work. This domain links closely with occupational medicine and hygiene, focusing on creating an environment where risks are minimized for workers and, by extension, the general public who may encounter these work settings. The primary objective of OSH programs is to establish a reliable and health-conscious workspace. Unfortunately, work-related hazards contribute to a staggering number of fatalities and injuries on a global scale. Current data from the United Nations and the WHO/ILO estimates state that nearly 2 million people die each year due to workplace-related risk factors, resulting in more than 2.78 million deaths annually. To put it into perspective, this equates to one death approximately every fifteen seconds. Additionally, there are roughly 374 million non-fatal job-related injuries per year. The financial repercussions of such incidents and diseases can be immense, amounting to roughly four percent of the global gross domestic product every year. Legal systems, specifically those based on common law, traditionally require employers to be vigilant about their employees' safety, a responsibility known as the duty of care. Beyond this expectation, statutory laws can impose other obligations, set specific duties, and establish regulatory bodies to oversee and manage OSH concerns. However, the specifics of these regulations can differ widely between different regions and jurisdictions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has a broad definition of occupational health. It emphasizes the importance of addressing all aspects of health and safety in the workplace while prioritizing the prevention of hazards. The overarching aim is to safeguard health by identifying potential workplace risks and mitigating them before they can cause harm.