Festivals are remarkable celebrations intrinsic to a community, often revolving around characteristic elements of its culture and religion. These events may become local or national holidays and are sometimes regarded as reflective instances of 'glocalization', highlighting the interconnectedness of global and local practices, as well as intersections of high and low cultures. Many festivals have roots in agriculture, with a number of celebrations coinciding with harvest periods. This reflects not only the importance of food resources but also represents a period for giving thanks for bountiful harvests, observable in traditions like Halloween or Easter which are aligned with the seasonal changes.
These events serve various community functions such as honoring deities, saints, or historical figures, often referred to as patronal festivals. Additionally, they provide entertainment which held significant value especially before modern mass entertainment. Cultural festivals aim to educate about traditions and often involve the participation of elders, which strengthens family and community bonds. Participants may seek out festivals for relaxation, social interaction, and a sense of belonging, affirming their cultural identity and fostering inclusivity.
Regarding terminology, 'festival' has a longstanding place in the English lexicon. The term began as an adjective derived from Latin and Old French around the 14th century, used to describe religious holidays. By 1589, 'festival' began being used as a noun. 'Feast' has origins as a noun around the 1200s, with verb usage tracing back to the 1300s. The word 'gala' originated from the Arabic 'khil'a', meaning an honorific robe. Initially describing festive attire, 'gala' evolved to become synonymous with 'festival' in the 18th century.
In the realm of sexual orientation and gender identity, there exist common misconceptions and preconceived notions about individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT). These stereotypes often emerge from a lack of direct understanding and are propagated through societal influences such as family, education, peers, and particularly the mass media. Negative stereotypes can lead to various forms of discrimination, including homophobia and transphobia. However, it's important to recognize that not all stereotypes are negative; some can be positive, though they may still result in a simplistic understanding of the LGBT community.
Historically, the media's depiction of LGBT individuals has been fraught with negative stereotypes. Gay men, for example, have been characterized as excessively ostentatious and effeminate, while lesbian women were painted as their polar opposites. Over the past years, these portrayals have evolved significantly, moving towards more positive representations and greater visibility within the media landscape.
Violent and malevolent portrayals of LGBT characters, particularly those showing them as murderers, have been a contentious issue. Prior to the ground-breaking film "Philadelphia" in 1993, big Hollywood productions often depicted significant gay characters as either mentally unhinged or criminally inclined. Such negative portrayals led to resistance from the LGBT community, who have actively protested and boycotted films like "Cruising," "Silence of the Lambs," and "Basic Instinct." Interestingly, some LGBT playwrights have turned this harmful stereotype on its head, purposefully embracing it within their work to confront and challenge homophobic attitudes.
When it comes to bisexual individuals, a prevalent stereotype is that of indecision. This is just a brief glimpse into the complex world of LGBT stereotypes and their impact on societal perceptions and the treatment of the LGBT community.
Tourism in the United States
The United States has long been a magnet for both international and local travelers who flock to its vast array of natural wonders, bustling cities, areas rich in history, and entertainment spots. Tourism began to flourish in America towards the end of the 19th century, turning into a well-recognized cultural activity and a booming sector of the economy. Even back in the 1850s, the industry was already on a firm footing.
By the end of the 19th century, major American cities like New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago were already drawing scores of visitors. The advent of urban tourism marked a new era where the American population's views and habits around travel underwent a transformation. With the spreading popularity of the automobile in the early 20th century and later, the boom in air travel post-World War II, tourism became even more accessible and widespread.
However, the tourism sector was one of the first to suffer in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001. Despite this, tourism contributes significantly to the U.S. economy—by 2013, international visitors alone were spending over $10 billion within a single month.
Employing millions, the U.S. tourism industry was, as of 2004, a top employer in numerous states, with an overwhelming number of tourists traveling domestically in 2005. The country is filled with historical landmarks, with over two thousand officially recognized as important heritage sites by the government.
When it comes to popularity, New York City ranks as the top destination in the United States, with other cities like Los Angeles and Chicago also drawing large crowds. Intriguingly, while the U.S. sees the most tourist spending compared to any other country, it does not top the list in terms of the number of visitors—a fact that may be due to tourists staying for longer periods.