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US Moon Lander Falls on Side Near Moon's South Pole
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In this image from video provided by NASA, Steve Altemus, CEO and co-founder of Intuitive Machines, describes how it is believed the company's Odysseus spacecraft landed on the surface of the moon, during a news conference in Houston on Friday, Feb. 23, 2024. (NASA via AP)

US Moon Lander Falls on Side Near Moon's South Pole

February 23rd, 2024

Intuitive Machines, a private enterprise, has successfully landed its Odysseus spacecraft on the lunar surface, marking a notable achievement as the first non-governmental entity to accomplish such a feat. This historical event represents the first time an American spacecraft has achieved a lunar landing since the iconic Apollo missions over 50 years ago. The Odysseus lunar lander, aiming for a precise spot near the moon's south pole close to the Malapert A crater, encountered a mishap upon touchdown – it inadvertently tipped over onto its side, complicating communication efforts but retaining some operational functionality. Steve Altemus, the CEO of Intuitive Machines, described the ordeal during a news conference, explaining that the lander's orientation on the moon's surface led to some antennas being directed into the lunar regolith, which has affected the flight controllers' ability to send and receive accurate data. Despite this, Altemus expressed optimism about the lander's capabilities. The mission aims to pave the way for future astronaut missions, as part of NASA's broader initiative to facilitate lunar exploration and economy. The lander's momentous landing was a result of a joint effort, partly sponsored by NASA, which invested $118 million for the payload delivery, including several of its experiments onboard. During the critical phase of the descent, the lander faced a navigational setback, leading to an impromptu usage of NASA's laser navigational system. This resourcefulness was embodied in mission director Tim Crain’s words, who called the spacecraft a "scrapper." Among the tools carried by Odysseus was a cube equipped with cameras, designed to capture the landing process from a short distance. Unfortunately, due to the navigational adjustments during the descent, the cube, named EagleCam, created by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, remained attached to the lander. The university's team, however, remains hopeful about detaching EagleCam in the subsequent days to achieve its objective of photographing Odysseus. Intuitive Machines anticipates that the solar-powered Odysseus will actively operate on the lunar surface for approximately a week before the harsh lunar night falls, a timeframe naturally imposed by the environment. Notably, Intuitive Machines finds itself in a pioneering position within NASA's commercial lunar services program, which saw an earlier attempt by Astrobotic Technology end in an unaccomplished mission due to a fuel leak that resulted in a crash back to Earth. The United States has set its sights once more on lunar exploration, and through NASA's Artemis program, named after Apollo's twin sister in mythology, anticipates a manned moon landing by 2026. The importance of such missions is underscored by the ongoing support from various organizations, including the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Science and Educational Media Group, demonstrating the value placed on expanding human knowledge and presence in space. As we look towards the future with endeavors like this, we once again witness the marriage of human curiosity and technological prowess propelling us toward new celestial horizons.
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💭 Discussion Questions


1
. How does the successful landing of Intuitive Machines' Odysseus spacecraft on the moon compare to historic lunar missions, and what are the implications for future space exploration?
2
. What challenges did the Odysseus lunar lander face upon touchdown, and how has the mission team responded to these setbacks?
3
. Discuss the significance of public-private partnerships in advancing lunar exploration and the role of various organizations in supporting such space missions.

📖 Vocabulary


🌐 Cultural context


The article is from the United States, a country with a history of space exploration. The Apollo missions are a key part of American and space exploration history, symbolizing the space race and technological advancement of the 20th century. NASA is the national space agency, and recent initiatives aim to involve private enterprises in space missions, reflecting a trend toward commercial spaceflight.

🧠 Further reading


Commercial Lunar Payload Services
The Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, carried out by NASA, is designed to contract private companies to dispatch robotic landers and rovers to the Moon, focusing particularly on the area near the lunar south pole. These missions are key in searching for moon resources, testing the practicality of using lunar materials (known as in situ resource utilization or ISRU), and advancing lunar science to aid the Artemis program, which aims to bring humans back to the Moon. CLPS works on a model where NASA pays a fixed price for the full range of services required to get payloads from Earth to the Moon’s surface. After 2025, the program is set to evolve to include the delivery of heavier payloads. The program operates within NASA's framework, collaborating across multiple directorates, including the Science Mission Directorate, Human Exploration and Operations, and Space Technology. The responsibility falls on the contracted companies to manage the full life cycle of NASA payloads. This includes safe integration, accommodation, transportation, operations, and even Earth re-entry arrangements when necessary. To date, eight missions have been arranged through CLPS, notwithstanding two missions that were removed from the program – one due to a revoked contract and another resulting from a contracting company’s bankruptcy. NASA has been strategizing on how to exploit the Moon's natural resources for several years, identifying a multitude of goals associated with scientific exploration and technology that can be achieved through sending payloads to the Moon on a regular basis. The need for a program like CLPS became clear when NASA cancelled the Resource Prospector rover study in April 2018, signaling a shift to commercial services for future lunar exploration. The first call for proposals for the CLPS was announced in April 2018, with a draft request initially put forth, after which a formal solicitation was issued in September 2018.

Axiom Space
Axiom Space, an American company that develops space infrastructure, was established in Houston, Texas in 2016 by Michael T. Suffredini, a former International Space Station (ISS) program manager, and Kam Ghaffarian, an engineer and seasoned space industry entrepreneur. Embarking on a historic journey, Axiom launched its first private crewed spaceflight to the ISS in 2022, marking a significant milestone for commercial space travel. The company has set ambitious goals to build and manage the first-ever commercial space station by the late 2020s. Employing a team with exceptional experience, including former NASA Administrator Charles Bolden and renowned astronauts like Michael Lopez-Alegria, Peggy Whitson, and Brent W. Jett Jr., Axiom is committed to pioneering private human spaceflights. They cater to both government-funded and commercial astronauts, providing opportunities for research, manufacturing, and exploration in space. In 2020, NASA chose Axiom to contribute the first commercial module to the ISS, a feature of NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships. This collaborative venture aims for long-term exploration and habitation beyond Earth's orbit. Axiom arranged with SpaceX to utilize their Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft for transporting commercial astronauts to the ISS, a mission successfully executed in April 2022. Axiom, which continues to grow and had around 110 employees as of early 2021, operates from its primary offices in Houston and a secondary location in Los Angeles.

Space technology
Space technology encompasses a range of tools utilized in the exploration and utilization of outer space, including but not restricted to spacecraft, satellites, space stations, and launch vehicles. Moreover, it involves deep-space communication, in-space propulsion techniques, and necessary infrastructure, equipment, and procedural knowledge. Everyday services on Earth, such as weather reporting, environmental monitoring, GPS systems, satellite television, and some forms of long-distance communication, are heavily dependent on this space-based infrastructure. The scientific realms of astronomy and Earth science greatly profit from advancements in space technology, and often innovations linked to space advancement find their uses in various other sectors of the economy. Delving into the origins of space technology, it was the Soviet Union that first achieved the milestone of launching technology into space with the deployment of Sputnik 1 in 1957, a satellite that orbited the Earth collecting valuable data on the ionosphere's electron density, as well as temperature and pressure readings. Following this, in 1961, the Soviet Union again broke new ground with the successful execution of the first manned spaceflight, Vostok 1, which carried a young cosmonaut named Yuri Gagarin. The mission was largely automated due to uncertainties about the human body's reaction to weightlessness. In addition, the Soviet Luna 2 probe was the first to impact the Moon in 1959, and the Luna 3 probe provided the inaugural photographs of the Moon's far side that same year. Significantly, on December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8, including Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders, achieved the historical feat of becoming the first humans to orbit another celestial body.